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Review: GCTS Prof. Ryan Reeves’ lecture: “Great Schism (1054)”

 

Prof. Ryan Reeves

On several occasions, I have read comments by Calvinists and Evangelicals who expressed anger and disappointment on not being taught about the early Church and Orthodoxy while in seminary. I was fortunate that I had more than a little exposure to the early Church and the Church Fathers at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. So I was intrigued when a reader brought to my attention Gordon-Conwell professor Ryan Reeveslecture on the Great Schism of 1054.

 

Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary – South Hamilton MA

As one who once identified with the Reformed tradition then later converted to Orthodoxy, I wondered how balanced the presentation would be. My intent in this article is not so much to criticize as to provide positive feedback so that Prof. Reeves could give his students a more balanced approach (at least from my perspective) to the Great Schism of 1054. It would be as if I had returned to Gordon-Conwell for a one-day visit and dropped in on this particular topic which is of great interest to Christians concerned with church history and church unity.

 

 

It is tragic that the 1054 Schism is so often ignored, or at best, given brief mention in most Protestant and Evangelical circles. It serves as evidence that in the Protestant perspective, church history is not viewed as the Holy Spirit working in the Church—at least in the sense of a continuing Pentecost. This presupposition adds up to a secularization of the Church on earth. To say the least, it inculcates a very different mindset toward Church history and the presence of the kingdom of God on earth.

 

 

Three Factors

Prof. Reeves identified three factors leading up to the 1054 Schism: (1) political, (2) theological, and (3) the “bozos factor.”

Political Factor – The Two Romes

Prof. Reeves commendably debunks the stereotype of the Patriarch of Constantinople as the pope of the East. This stereotype is contrary to the East’s principle of conciliarity or as Reeves puts it aptly: “collaborative unity.” Reeves notes that the Second Ecumenical Council—the Council of Constantinople (381)—established five principle ecclesial seats or patriarchates (12:42; chart at 13:00). The understanding was that these church leaders would supposedly be first among equals. The East’s “collaborative unity” is quite different from the West’s centralized approach to unity that would mark the later papacy. Reeves sees as the “kernel of the fight” the issue of authority, more specifically the role of the Pope—the bishop of Rome in relation to the other Patriarchs (12:42; see chart at 15:45). It would have been good if Prof. Reeves had noted how the episcopacy was foundational to the polity the early Church and how so much of present day Evangelical churches follow a radically different polity.

The roots of the East-West Schism can be seen in the rivalry between the Old Rome and the New Rome aka Constantinople. Once the center of the Roman world, Rome went into decline and in 410 was sacked by Alaric the Visigothic king–an event that shocked and horrified the whole Roman world. With the decline of Old Rome a power vacuum emerged that would be filled by the bishop of Rome, i.e., the papacy. The political gravity shifted to Gaul with the emergence of Charlemagne. In his attempt to restore the Roman Empire in the West and to consolidate his rule in that sphere, Charlemagne referred to the leaders in the East as “Greeks.” This marked the West’s attempt to withstand Constantinople’s asserting its role as the successor to Old Rome.

Charlemagne’s semantic shift in the term “Greek” was designed to make people conscious of a growing divide in the Roman world. It highlighted the fact that there were two major languages—Latin and Greek–in the Roman Empire. This linguistic difference did not matter so long as there were bilingual theologians and rulers. However as the linguistic divide grew, prominent theologians, e.g., Augustine of Hippo, would be unable to read Greek and so had limited exposure to the thinking of the Greek Fathers. This difference in language would contribute to theological differences between the Latin West and the Greek East

 

Theological Factor – The Filioque Clause

One of the most prominent theological issues that led to the 1054 Schism was the Filioque—the unilateral insertion of the phrase “and the Son” into the Nicene Cred. What may seem to be an arcane point of theology for Evangelicals and Protestants today is very pertinent for Orthodox Christians. The Filioque marks the parting of ways between Orthodoxy and Christians of the West: Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Prof. Reeves notes that in the West Arianism was spreading among the Gothic tribes. This gave rise to concerns that the Nicene Creed could be misunderstood to teach that the Son and the Spirit were created, not eternal (19:42). The phrase “and the Son” (Filioque) was inserted into the Creed around the sixth century (20:51) to combat the Arian heresy. Reeves explained that by affirming that the Son was of equal standing with the Father with respect to the procession of the Holy Spirit the divinity of the Son could be maintained (21:27).

Underlying the insertion of the Filioque clause was the issue of authority, more specifically, the Pope’s doctrinal authority. Prof. Reeves points out that the West—the Pope–was saying: “We’re going to change the Creed—add to it in order to clarify the theology of the Creed in the midst of our context.” (22:10-16) When the East began to notice the West’s unilateral revision of the Nicene Creed they objected vociferously (22:25). For them, it was only in the context of a council of bishops (plural) that the Creed could be modified (22:32). Reeves goes on to note that the West’s response was that the papacy had decreed this and therefore it is good theology (22:45). Here I was very surprised. I had never heard of such a papal decree or of such a claim being made. It would be good if Prof. Reeves could provide us with the supporting reference for this.

It would have been good if Prof. Reeves had noted that early on there were Popes—Leo III (795-816)—who had objected to the insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed and that it was not until 1014—at the coronation of Henry II as Holy Roman Emperor—that the Filioque was inserted into the Creed at a papal Mass. In other words, there was a time when the popes held views similar to the East on the Filioque. Since this was a church history lecture, Prof. Reeves should have mentioned that the Filioque clause was first inserted into the Nicene Creed at the Council of Toledo in 589 at the prompting of King Recared who had just converted from Arianism and embraced Nicene Orthodoxy. The revision of Nicene Creed in 589 was done by a minor regional council. This contrasts with the Nicene Creed which was formulated by the numerous bishops at two Ecumenical Councils: Nicea I (325) and Constantinople I (381).

 

Bozos Factor

In 1053, Western cardinal of Silva Candida, Humbert, received a letter from an Eastern bishop, Leo of Ochrid, who condemned the West for the Filioque clause and for their practice of using unleavened bread for the Mass (27:28). Humbert then makes a trip to Constantinople to present his objections to the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius. Reeves describes the 1054 event as “two egomaniacs throwing temper tantrums at each other” (28:10). Granted that both parties behaved deplorably and inexcusably, however, Prof. Reeves’ colorful characterization of what he calls the “bozo factor” is unfortunate. While caricature can be entertaining and memorable, it is similar to ad hominem attacks.

 

The Final Blow — Sack of Constantinople (1204) Source

Closing Thoughts

The 1054 Schism was more a paradigmatic event than the actual breaking point. What happened that day—Saturday, 16 July 1054–highlighted the differences between the East and West, burning them into the collective memory. Towards the end of his half-hour lecture Prof. Reeves drastically compresses the unfolding of the Schism—apparently he is rushing to windup his lecture. He notes that the participants in the 1054 incident did not view it as a momentous act that would sunder the West from the East. He mentions the Fourth Crusade (30:10)—a far more disruptive event for West-East relations. One could say that the pillage of Constantinople by the western Crusaders in 1204 was the straw that broke the camel’s back estranging the East from the West. What happened in 1204 was more a political act than a theological one. Kallistos (Timothy) Ware wrote concerning the aftermath of 1204:

The long-standing doctrinal disagreements were now reinforced on the Greek side by an intense national hatred, by a feeling of resentment and indignation against western aggression and sacrilege. After 1204 there can be no doubt that Christian east and Christ west were divided into two. (The Orthodox Church p. 60).

Prof. Reeves might also have touched on the influence of Augustine of Hippo’s teaching on the double procession of the Holy Spirit as the reason why so much of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism hold on so tenaciously to the Filioque clause. However, Augustine’s understanding of the Trinity does not represent the patristic consensus. His understanding differs from that of the Cappadocian Fathers: Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory Nazianzen, who stressed the monarchy (monos = sole + arche = source) of the Father, that the Son being eternally begotten of the Father and the Holy Spirit proceeding eternally from the Person of the Father. In other words, the understanding of the Trinity found in Augustine and the Filioque clause represent a minority viewpoint in the early Church.

Any good church history professor worth his salt will seek to relate the past to the present. The importance of the Nicene Creed—more accurately the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed—is that if was the Creed for all Christians—East and West. For the students at Gordon-Conwell the question must be posed: Why is it that so many present-day Protestants and Evangelicals do not say the Nicene Creed in their Sunday worship when it was the standard practice back then? And for the Protestants and Evangelicals who do recite the Nicene Creed the question must be posed: Why do they use the version with the Filioque clause? I often tease my Anglican friends for using the papal version of the Nicene Creed. But I am mystified by the reluctance of so many Anglicans to relinquish the Filioque clause and return to the original version of the Nicene Creed.  The return to the universally recognized Creed of the early Church would mark a significant step towards church unity. This tenacious adherence to the Filioque shows how much the 1054 Schism continues to influence relations among Christians today.

In closing, I appreciate Prof. Ryan Reeves presenting the complexity of the 1054 Schism. The only major disagreement I have with his lecture is his characterization of Cardinal of Silva Candida, Humbert, and Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, as “bozos.” I have three suggestions for his 1054 Schism lecture: (1) placing greater stress on 1054 as a paradigmatic event, not as the moment of actual schism, (2) showing how the events of 1054 affect twenty-first century Christians, and (3) using the 1054 Schism to help Gordon-Conwell students become aware of how far present-day Evangelicalism and Protestantism have parted ways with early Christianity.

Robert Arakaki

 

Resources

Athanasios Philippides. “The Days of the Schism of 1054.”
Orthodox Church in America. “The Great Schism.”
Steven Runciman. The Eastern Schism.
Timothy (Kallistos) Ware. The Orthodox Church.

 

 

10 Comments

  1. Scott Robert Harrington

    Exactly true.
    I credit the more certain presence of Christ Himself in my life to my acquaintance with John 15:26 and Acts 2:33, from Fr. Peter E. Gillquist, “The Addition to the Creed”, “Becoming Orthodox: A Journey to the Ancient Christian Faith”. (1989). 1st ed. Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt Publishers, Inc. (I still fall short of the glory of God by my many sins in thoughts; but now, Christ has pardoned me because of what He has done to me, even while I was a sinner, He came and died for me, and I have received His mysteries through the holy Orthodox Church: a great treasure and pearl of great price. Thanks be to God for His unspeakable gift. God bless you, Robert Arakaki. (My background was Lutheran, not Reformed, but there is much overlap between Reformed/Calvinism and Evangelical/Lutheran; thank God for Orthodoxy and her stand against Filioque).

  2. J.B.

    I think that the liturgical reforms of the Second Vatican Council are a continuum of Rome’s tendency to (a) change and innovate things as seen fit, and then (b) to come up with scholasticized rationalizations justifying those changes. Essentially, it seems like Old Rome has a shoot first then ask questions later policy. This, in a nutshell, is kinda what happened with the Filioque clause and all other innovated doctrines like indulgences, created grace, papal-centric magisterialism and the supremacy and now infallibility of Rome’s papal monarchy, etc.

    As it stands, Rome’s latest innovation is now teaching that the legitimate use of the death penalty is “inadmissible in all circumstances” (Francis). Rome’s offical catechism has been updated to reflect the changes in this new doctrine. Ironically, Pope Francis has also dogmatically decreed that the liturgical reforms are now permanent and cannot be undone, pretty much saying that the changes were brought about by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, instead of giving credit where it’s actually due; i.e., the Pope of Rome, who replaces Christ via vicarism, and dissolves the Holy Spirit via magisterialism. Protestantism is a mirrored reflection of Catholicism via Sola Scriptura and the personal infallibility of those who interpret the bible via Sola Scriptura. So then, Rome, including many Reformed congregations, seem to continue following a change first, and self-justify second, paradigm, and all credit goes to the Holy Ghost (but not really).

  3. CS

    Many people have shown by now that Augustine did teach the monarchy of the Father. This meme talking point is only going to make people feel cheated if they convert to Orthodoxy and later discover it.
    Not to mention the amount of Eastern clergy that taught the Holy Spirit proceeds from the father and through the son.
    Pop level apologetics for your own group is going to backfire.

    • Robert Arakaki

      Dear CS,

      The goal of this blog is not “pop level apologetics”–as you put it–but critically informed dialogue across religious traditions.

      Could you point to specific passages of Augustine’s writings that show he understood the monarchy of the Father in a manner quite similar to the Cappadocian Fathers?

      Also, the point I was trying to make is that it looks like Augustine is the primary reason why so many Protestants and Evangelicals today hold on to the Nicene Creed with the Filioque clause. If you believe that their retaining the Filioque has another cause, I would be most interested to learn what that is.

      Robert

    • J.B.

      Dear CS,

      Please note that saying that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son is NOT the same as saying that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father AND the Son. The first is about the economia of God’s salvation toward man, whereas the second is about the origin of the Holy Spirit within the Godhead.

  4. Heraclius

    Great article Professor!

    • Robert Arakaki

      Thank you!

  5. Kevin Mortimer

    Thanks Robert for a most helpful response to a theological deficiency in today’s protestant world. I pasted the following from your blog:

    “It is tragic that the 1054 Schism is so often ignored, or at best, given brief mention in most Protestant and Evangelical circles. It serves as evidence that in the Protestant perspective, church history is not viewed as the Holy Spirit working in the Church—at least in the sense of a continuing Pentecost. This presupposition adds up to a secularisation of the Church on earth. To say the least, it inculcates a very different mindset toward Church history and the presence of the kingdom of God on earth.”

    By using the concept of sola scriptura and by virtue of scholasticism an extreme position on the sovereignty of God is raised at the expense of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. The downside to this is that theological experts such as professor Reeves feel entitled to belittle the real implications of the filioque clause. What we are left with is a justification for a secularised church detached from the realities of the Kingdom Christ came to inaugurate. As a person living out his faith in a protestant context, I hope your post is widely read by those seeking answers beyond the conclusions of professor Reeves.

    • Robert Arakaki

      Thank you Kevin!

  6. Michael Bauman

    If I may, I would like to suggest a deeper dislocation in the western approach that leads to many of the confusions talked about here: the misunderstanding of the nature of time. I got this idea originally from a lecture given at my parish by Prof. Anthony Gythiel of blessed memory. Among other things he was a translator, editor and friend of Jaroslav Pelikan.

    Prof Gythiel held that Augustine misunderstood the nature of Christ working in time to reclaim it and working through time to make salvation complete and whole.

    In part, time is neither linear nor dialectical nor is God in the Holy Trinity. The Providential working on God is much more of an interpenetration of God into His Creation, i.e. Incarnational. There is a concomitant dynamic inter-relationship within the Holy Trinity that cannot be expressed in a linear cause and effect.

    My thoughts in regard to this idea: Protestantism especially the Reformed and Dispensationalists have taken such misunderstandings to the extreme. Such a mistake has profound theological and soteriological ramifications leading to a gross misunderstanding of sacrament in general and, IMO, marriage in particular. Thus salvation itself.

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